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| Reading an income statement |
A company’s income statement, or Statement of Operations, lists its revenues, expenses, and net income. Usually Statements of Operation appearing in company and financial reports show results over several years. By studying the line items and trends, one can discover much about the company’s success (or lack of). |
| Generally, the Statement of Operations is divided into several sections. |
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| You can get clues to the company’s financial and operational health by studying these line items on the three-year Statement of Operations (or income statement). Notice if revenues are increasing or decreasing. The same is true for cost of sales and other expenses as a percent of net sales. An increase in expenses is not always a bad sign. This could mean more Sales and Marketing expenditure behind new product launches or an increase in Research and Development spending. Both could have a positive impact on future profit while having a negative short-term effect. |
| A study of the Income Statement or Statement of Operations alone will not give you the full financial picture. It will, however, point you in the right direction should you wish to research a company in more detail. |
| Written by Bobette Kyle |
| Permanent Account Number |
What Is PAN?
The Permanent Account Number (PAN) is a ten-digit alphanumeric number,
issued in the form of a laminated card, by an Assessing Officer of the
Income Tax Department. A typical PAN is AFRPP1595D.
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| Why Is It Necessary To Have PAN?
It is mandatory to quote PAN on return of income, all correspondence with
any income tax authority and challans for any payments due to Income Tax
Department. |
| It is also compulsory to quote PAN in all documents pertaining to economic
or financial transactions notified from time-to-time by the Central Board of
Direct Taxes. Some such transactions are sale and purchase of immovable
property or motor vehicle or payments to hotels for bills or payments in
cash in connections with travel to any foreign country of amounts exceeding
Rs. 25,000/-. It is also mandatory to mention PAN for obtaining a telephone
or cellular telephone connection. Likewise, PAN has to be mentioned for
making a time deposit exceeding Rs. 50,000/- with a Bank or Post Office or
depositing cash of Rs. 50,000/- in a Bank.
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It is statutory responsibility of a person receiving document relating to
economic or financial transactions notified by the CBDT to ensure that PAN
has been duly quoted in the document. All existing assesses or taxpayers or persons who are required to furnish a return of income, even on behalf of others, must obtain PAN. Some such persons are Individuals, Companies, Partnership Firms, HUFs, Trusts or Representative assesses. Further, persons who intending to enter into economic or financial transactions where quoting PAN is mandatory must also obtain PAN. In addition, the Assessing Officer may allot PAN to any person either suo moto or on a specific request from any person. |
| More Than One PAN? Obtaining or possessing more than one PAN is against the law. How To Obtain PAN? Application for PAN should be made in prescribed form (Form 49A) and submitted in any of the IT PAN Service Centers set up and managed by UTIISL across the country. IT PAN Service Centres From 01.07.2003, IT PAN Service Centers will be set up in all cities or towns where Income tax offices are located. For further convenience of PAN applicants in major cities there will more than one IT PAN Service Centers. Location and other details about IT PAN Service Centers in any city can be obtained from local Income Tax Office or offices of UTI or UTIISL in that city or from website of the Income Tax department, namely, www.incometaxindia.gov.in These IT PAN Service Centers shall supply and receive PAN applications on behalf of all Assessing Officers, assist PAN applicants to correctly fill up the applications, check documents to be submitted as proof of 'identity' and 'address' by the applicant and issue acknowledgment for correct and complete applications. The IT PAN Service Centers will not accept incomplete or incorrect applications. The UTIISL has made arrangements to capture data from PAN applications and transmit it to Income Tax Department. The Income Tax department will allot PAN and send necessary data to UTIISL where PAN card will be printed and delivered to the applicant. From 1.10.2003 IT PAN Service Centers will also receive and process grievances arising out of errors or requests for changes in PAN data. Superior PAN Card The new PAN card is a superior card and in case of individual applicants it will carry a coloured photo-image. It is tamper proof and has built-in security features such as a hologram and UV line. These security features will thwart forgery of PAN cards. For providing upgraded PAN services, UTIISL has been authorized to collect Rs. 60/- per application. New simplified PAN form will cost Rs 5/- Role Of Income Tax Department In New Arrangement The Income Tax department has outsourced only a part of business process but it will continue to own and manage the PAN databases. As such, Income Tax department will remain responsible for ensuring quality of services to PAN applicants under the new arrangement. In every city or town where IT PAN Service Centers will be operational, the senior most officer of Income Tax Department or his nominee, will act as Local PAN Facilitator, who will attend to any difficulty faced and reported by PAN applicants while interacting with IT PAN Service Center. |
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Things To Remember |
| "Check your PAN Application Status Online" |
| Source - Income Tax Department, Govt. of India (http://incometaxindia.gov.in) |
| Mutual Fund |
CONCEPT
A Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors
who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is then
invested in capital market instruments such as shares, debentures and
other securities. The income earned through these investments and the
capital appreciation realised are shared by its unit holders in proportion
to the number of units owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most
suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to
invest in a diversified, professionally managed basket of securities at a
relatively low cost. The flow chart below describes broadly the working of a mutual fund:
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| ORGANISATION OF A MUTUAL FUND There are many entities involved and the diagram below illustrates the organisational set up of a mutual fund:
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Organisation of a Mutual Fund ADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDS The advantages of investing in a Mutual Fund are: * Professional Management * Diversification * Convenient Administration * Return Potential * Low Costs * Liquidity * Transparency * Flexibility * Choice of schemes * Tax benefits * Well regulated |
| TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND SCHEMES Wide variety of Mutual Fund Schemes exist to cater to the needs such as financial position, risk tolerance and return expectations etc. The table below gives an overview into the existing types of schemes in the Industry.
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| FREQUENTLY USED TERMS Net Asset Value (NAV) Net Asset Value is the market value of the assets of the scheme minus its liabilities. The per unit NAV is the net asset value of the scheme divided by the number of units outstanding on the Valuation Date. Sale Price Is the price you pay when you invest in a scheme. Also called Offer Price. It may include a sales load. Repurchase Price Is the price at which a close-ended scheme repurchases its units and it may include a back-end load. This is also called Bid Price. Redemption Price Is the price at which open-ended schemes repurchase their units and close-ended schemes redeem their units on maturity. Such prices are NAV related. Sales Load Is a charge collected by a scheme when it sells the units. Also called, 'Front-end' load. Schemes that do not charge a load are called 'No Load' schemes. Repurchase or 'Back-end' Load Is a charge collected by a scheme when it buys back the units from the unitholders. |
| Source: Association of Mutual Fund in India
(http://www.amfiindia.com/)
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| India: Union Budget 2004 |
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